Microsoft Word 2007?
Microsoft Word yes of course you can open it .. it might show up symbols in place of characters, but you can always...
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsCan one open a Microsoft Word 2007 document in Microsoft Word 2003?
Yes you can, Microsoft now has a download to do this. although you may lose some formatting during the conversion....
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsAre there any differences between Microsoft Word 2003 and Microsoft Word 2007?
MS 2007 is more function than MS 2003. MS 2007 have different and more colorful interface, which take a while used to...
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsHow many similarities between Microsoft Word 2003 and Microsoft Word 2007?
hi
In: WindowsAre there any differences between Microsoft Word 2003 and Microsoft Word 2007?
MS 2007 is more function than MS 2003. MS 2007 have different and more colorful interface, which take a while used to...
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsWhich is the best package among microsoft word adobe pagemaker and microsoft excel?
My opinon is Microsoft Word because thats what fits my needs. I have to type a lot so that works for me. My dad has to...
In: Microsoft Excel Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft WordDoes Windows Vista include Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word?
No not unless the OEM company you buy the computer from has it as a package deal. But no there is no retail version of...
In: Computer Software and Applications WindowsEnumerate the differences of Microsoft Word and Microsoft Power Point?
Microsoft Word is a word processor, and Microsoft Powerpoint allows you to create presentations. It's different than a...
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsWhat is the cheapest most basic Microsoft software you should buy if you just want the Microsoft Word feature for your Apple Mac laptop computer?
You should get Office 2008 for mac Go to
In: Apple and MacDoes Microsoft 2000 professional include Microsoft word?
No. Microsoft Windows 2000 Pro and Windows Office are seperate products.
In: Computer Software and Applications WindowsHow do you send a Microsoft works document into Microsoft word?
Dear Josaih how are you God will belss you,you w'll make it
In: Computer ProgrammingIs it possible to open a Microsoft Word document in Microsoft Works?
It is possible due to Microsoft Works including word. It also depends on the file format of the word document, wether...
In: Microsoft Corporation Computer Software and ApplicationsWhat is the difference between microsoft publisher and microsoft word?
In my opinion, Microsoft Word is simply better for creating letters, correspondence and in general documents that are...
In: Microsoft WordWhat is the difference between the Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel?
Microsoft Word is a word processing package used for creating text based documents, such as letters, etc. Microsoft...
In: Computer TerminologyWhat is the difference between Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word?
Excel is a It is a computerised spreadsheet program, which can be used for many things involving calculations, like...
In: Windows Computer Software and ApplicationsWhat is the difference between microsoft word and microsoft access?
Microsoft Word is a word processor - a program used to create textual documents (e.g. letters, essays, books, manuals)....
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsDifference of microsoft word to microsoft excel?
Are you serious with this question??
In: Microsoft Access Microsoft ExcelDifferenciate the microsoft excel to microsoft word?
Microsoft Excel is primarily a spreadsheet program for making sense out of numbers. Microsoft Word is primarily a...
In: Computer TerminologyWhat is the difference between Microsoft work work processor and Microsoft office word software in term of its usage?
Microsoft Works includes spreadsheet, calender, and other creative and useful templates, aside from word processing....
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsYour employer wants to know if you have Word on your computer Does he mean Microsoft Word or is there any other programs that are Word?
There is only one word processing software called Word - that is by Microsoft that I am aware of. If you need to know...
In: Medical InsuranceYou have microsoft 2007 word and am trying to use a software program dated 2004 wword 2003 your 07 word will not go into compalability mode automaticly or at all what can I do?
You can use a converter Docx2doc.com. or install the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for 2007 Office Word, Excel...
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsHow to find a word on microsoft word?
Press Ctrl + F and type the word which you want to find in the poped up dialog.
In: Computer Terminology Internet WindowsWhat is Microsoft word?
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsHow do you use microsoft word?
In: Windows Computer Software and ApplicationsWhat does microsoft word about?
used for a4 work
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsHow do you get microsoft word?
Microsoft Word can be purchased as part of either the Microsoft Office or Microsoft Works office suites.
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsHow old is microsoft word?
You can get info about word here http://www.bytesizeoffice.co.uk/word.htm
In: Microsoft WordWhen using Microsoft office live will you be able to edit with microsoft office 2003 on a windows machine and microsoft office 2008 mac for students are they compatble?
Yes you can ----------- There is a compatability pack for office 2003 to be able to read and write to the...
In: Apple and Mac WindowsWho created Microsoft Word?
It was originally call Bravo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo_%28software%29) and developed by Xerox. It is best...
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsWhat is a URL in regards to Microsoft Word?
Universal Resource Locater
In: Microsoft WordWho invented the microsoft word?
microsoft office
In: Computer Software and Applications Microsoft CorporationWhat is the Thesaurus in Microsoft Word?
A thesaurus is a collection of synonyms and antonyms to a word. When you look up a word in a thesaurus, it will provide...
In: ComputersWhat do Microsoft Word Applications do?
Word is a word processing program, it can write books, create tables, mail merge, you can add headers and footers and...
In: Microsoft WordWhat are some advantages of using Microsoft Word?
Microsoft word features many tools for editing text (alignment, paragraphs, bullets and numbering) and also it includes...
In: WindowsStart microsoft word?
Pre-requisite: Microsoft Office should have been installed on the Computer. There are various methods to open...
In: Microsoft WordWhat is the importance of Microsoft Word?
It's the proverbially 600 pound gorilla, but it's just an overblown word processor. It wasn't the first, it was never...
In: ComputersHow many people use Microsoft Word?
Around 500 million users wordwide thereby making the most popular word processor in the world.
In: ComputersWhat are some disadvantages of using Microsoft Word?
it takes a while to load
In: Microsoft WordThe history of microsoft word?
this sucks!!!!
In: Computer Software and Applications Microsoft CorporationIn Microsoft Word how do you get AutoShapes up?
AutoShapes is the third item from the left on the Drawing toolbar. To see the Drawing toolbar: View menu >...
In: Microsoft WordWhat is microsoft office word?
"Word" is the worlds most popular word-processing program. Word is only one of the many programs included in the...
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsWhat do you use microsoft word to do in office?
you can make letters or do documents and stuff like that
In: UncategorizedWhat are the things can do with Microsoft word?
You can write letter's sheets + more
In: Microsoft Outlook and Live Hotmail Microsoft Xbox WindowsHow much does microsoft word cost?
I bought it at Christmas for $149 at Best Buy
In: Computer Software and ApplicationsWhat are the disadvantages of using Microsoft Word?
i don't know ok im the one is searching for
In: Microsoft WordHow does Microsoft Word help Americans?
Most documents that are printed out and saved are done so through Microsoft Word. If you are going to type something up...
In: WindowsWho made up the name Microsoft Word?
BILL GATES AND PAUL ALLEN ARE COFOUNDERSOF MICROSOFT BUT BILL GATES IS THE CHAIRMAN OF MICROSOFT CORP.
In: Computer HistoryHow can you do a brochure on microsoft word?
you cant.
In: Microprocessors Consumer ElectronicsWhat are macros in Microsoft Word?
Macros are things that save time, ie instead of typing something more than once, you can use a macro, they do other...
In: Microsoft Word
Tuesday, December 9, 2008
What are Types of HTML?
There is basically only one 'type' of HTML, however, there are different ways in which the browser translates HTML.
What are the 2 types of OS used in HTML?
HTML is not related to Operating systems
What is the term for the situation when a web frame sometimes shows the HTML and at other times the HTML is rendered and the expected text or image is shown?
It's called "Bug" What does it mean literally?
What can you use to compare the differences between two html files not the html code just the UI?
Flash
How does dynamic html relate to HTML and CSS?
There is no such thing as Dynamic HTML. However, you can dynamicly display HTML with the use of some dynamic languages...
What is the differences between ms word html files and ms frontpage html files capabilities?
ms word can help creating html pages, it is efficient but ms frontpage is mainly developed for only creating web pages...
How do you call a template HTML file to another HTML file?
The best way is to use Server Side Includes. Your hosting provider must support this feature (most do) but there are...
Html pull down menu example for month day and year I would like to get an example on how to write month day and year in html form?
May of 1940
Craig is arranging plates of food for a partyhe has 3 types of sandwiches2 types of cake and 4 types of biscuitwhich sHow is the number of possible combinations of sandwichcake and biscuit on plate?
you're a fat gay piece of crap
Why do you use HTML?
Hyper-Text Markup Language is the most commonly-used method of displaying/viewing information over the internet. Since...
What is the use of html?
HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language is the main language of website coding. CSS is used as the style file of the HTML...
What do you first do to do HTML?
Open notepad or Dreamweaver and start typing ...
Where can i get help with HTML?
Here is information about HTML: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML Here you will...
What does mean HTML?
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is a simple language allowing you to create web pages. It is not a...
When was HTML first used?
HTML was created in the 1980's, but its graphic interface MOSAIC was created in 1992.. so in 1992...probably.. :)
Where do you use HTML?
HTML, or Hyper Text Mark-Up Language, is used to create web pages. If you want to create one, you can start with a text...
What does the HTML mean?
Hyper Text Markup Language
What is html use for?
It is a code - language to create simple websites in text format. For more info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
How is C different from html?
Where should I start!!!! C is a programming language. Html is a Markup language. C is a general-purpose programming...
What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is a document format that structures text on the Internet. It is...
What is an example of HTML?
A simple example of html would be
There is basically only one 'type' of HTML, however, there are different ways in which the browser translates HTML.
What are the 2 types of OS used in HTML?
HTML is not related to Operating systems
What is the term for the situation when a web frame sometimes shows the HTML and at other times the HTML is rendered and the expected text or image is shown?
It's called "Bug" What does it mean literally?
What can you use to compare the differences between two html files not the html code just the UI?
Flash
How does dynamic html relate to HTML and CSS?
There is no such thing as Dynamic HTML. However, you can dynamicly display HTML with the use of some dynamic languages...
What is the differences between ms word html files and ms frontpage html files capabilities?
ms word can help creating html pages, it is efficient but ms frontpage is mainly developed for only creating web pages...
How do you call a template HTML file to another HTML file?
The best way is to use Server Side Includes. Your hosting provider must support this feature (most do) but there are...
Html pull down menu example for month day and year I would like to get an example on how to write month day and year in html form?
May of 1940
Craig is arranging plates of food for a partyhe has 3 types of sandwiches2 types of cake and 4 types of biscuitwhich sHow is the number of possible combinations of sandwichcake and biscuit on plate?
you're a fat gay piece of crap
Why do you use HTML?
Hyper-Text Markup Language is the most commonly-used method of displaying/viewing information over the internet. Since...
What is the use of html?
HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language is the main language of website coding. CSS is used as the style file of the HTML...
What do you first do to do HTML?
Open notepad or Dreamweaver and start typing ...
Where can i get help with HTML?
Here is information about HTML: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML Here you will...
What does mean HTML?
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is a simple language allowing you to create web pages. It is not a...
When was HTML first used?
HTML was created in the 1980's, but its graphic interface MOSAIC was created in 1992.. so in 1992...probably.. :)
Where do you use HTML?
HTML, or Hyper Text Mark-Up Language, is used to create web pages. If you want to create one, you can start with a text...
What does the HTML mean?
Hyper Text Markup Language
What is html use for?
It is a code - language to create simple websites in text format. For more info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
How is C different from html?
Where should I start!!!! C is a programming language. Html is a Markup language. C is a general-purpose programming...
What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is a document format that structures text on the Internet. It is...
What is an example of HTML?
A simple example of html would be
What is the full form of c.o.m.p.u.t.e.r.?
C=Commonly
O=Operated
M=Machine
P=Particularly
U=Used for
T=Trade
E=Education
R=Research
O=Operated
M=Machine
P=Particularly
U=Used for
T=Trade
E=Education
R=Research
What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that is able to process and retain information when programmed.
A computer is an electronic device that operates under the control of a set of instructions that is stored in its memory unit.
A computer accepts data from an input device and processes it into useful information which it displays on its output device.
A computer is an electronic device that operates under the control of a set of instructions that is stored in its memory unit.
A computer accepts data from an input device and processes it into useful information which it displays on its output device.
Friday, December 5, 2008
Kohalpur
Kohalpur (कोहलपुर) is a town in Banke District in the Bheri Zone in mid-western Nepal. The town is in East-West highway and one of the fastest developing places in Nepal. A neighboring city Nepalgunj is on South (16 km), and further 6 km is the Indian border.In fact it is a growing city in the western region of Nepal. It has a junction to diverse the roadway transport to east, west, north and south from the city.
It is accessible by air (Nepalgunj Airport) and by road (535 km west of Kathmandu).
Government
The purpose of Village Development Committees like Kohalpur is to organise village people structually at a local level and creating a partnership between the community and the public sector for improved service delivery system. A VDC has a status as an autonomous institution and authority for interacting with the more centralised institutions of goverance in Nepal. In doing so, the VDC gives village people an element of control and responsibility in development, and also ensures proper utilization and distribution of state funds and a greater interaction between government officials, NGOs and agencies. The village development committees within a given area will discuss education, water supply, basic health, sanitation and income and will also monitor and record progress which is displayed in census data.[1]
In VDCs there is one elected chief, usually elected with over an 80% majority. From each ward, there is also a chief that is elected along with these there are also four members elected or nominated.[1]
It is accessible by air (Nepalgunj Airport) and by road (535 km west of Kathmandu).
Government
The purpose of Village Development Committees like Kohalpur is to organise village people structually at a local level and creating a partnership between the community and the public sector for improved service delivery system. A VDC has a status as an autonomous institution and authority for interacting with the more centralised institutions of goverance in Nepal. In doing so, the VDC gives village people an element of control and responsibility in development, and also ensures proper utilization and distribution of state funds and a greater interaction between government officials, NGOs and agencies. The village development committees within a given area will discuss education, water supply, basic health, sanitation and income and will also monitor and record progress which is displayed in census data.[1]
In VDCs there is one elected chief, usually elected with over an 80% majority. From each ward, there is also a chief that is elected along with these there are also four members elected or nominated.[1]
Chitwan District
Chitwan District, a western part of Narayani Zone, is one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Bharatpur (seventh largest city of Nepal) as its district headquarters, Bharatpur is the commercial and service centre of central south Nepal, it is the merger destination for higher education health and transportation of the region. It covers an area of 2,218km² and has a population (2001) of 472,048.
Narayangarh, on the bank of Narayani River, is the main town with numerous shopping zones where people from all over the district and even from neighbouring district come to shop.
Now there are about 40 Village Development Committees (each of which has nine wards or villages) and one sub-Metropolitan city - Bharatpur and a municipality Ratnanagar each of which has more than nine wards or urban areas.
At the foot of the Himalayas, Chitwan is one of the few remaining undisturbed vestiges of the Terai region, which formerly extended over the foothills of Nepal.
Contents.
Origin
Currently there are three stories about the origin of the name Chitwan:
The dense jungle there (before men started settlements there) was teeming with Cheetahs. And, the word for 'jungle' in Nepali is van. So, the people around started to call that locality as Cheetah-van, which was later modified as Chitwan.
The dense jungle in the past was teeming with deer, and so they started to call it Chitri-van which gave way to the present word for the district.
Long ago, the region was reigned by a kings descended from Chitra Vamsa. (Vamsa is a Sanskrit word for dynasty or lineage).
Industry
Chitwan is very famous in Nepal because of its dominant production of mustard from which mustard oil is produced. This popularity of the mustard plantation in Chitwan is attributed to the predominant soil type of the place. The soil in chitwan is mostly of the type silt. The silty nature of the soil is in turn attributed to the flooding over the ages in the past from the rivers like Gandaki. Chitwan is also profusely spotted with lands with soil type clay which are very good for use as rice fields. Other popular cash-crops in the region are maize and wheat etc. The soil there is also very good for growing various types of vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, radish, potato, broccoli, cucumbers, pumpkins, carrot etc.
Chitwan product 80% of the country poultry industry, and it is also famous for floriculture, Mushrooms cultivation, Bea Forms and Honey production etc.
At present Chitwan's largest business part Narayangarh is less accessible due to the main bus terminal of the city was moved a few kilometres away from the town to the corner of the other part of Bharatpur city, due to previous king's son's anger with the politics of the citizens of the city.This bus terminal is however no longer in use following successful people's movement in 2006. It is believed that Nepali leftist revolutionary leader Prachanda spent his childhood and youth in Chitwan. Chitwan is adapting South Korean model of development system called " Saemaul Undong or New Village movement " in Nepali context Nepal Saemaul Undong or Namuna Bikas Aviyan or Model Development Campaign at Piple Village of East Chitwan since 2003 February 22. ( Listen or read the text
Geography
It has a particularly rich flora and fauna.
One of the last populations of single-horned Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), Panthers /Leopards, crocodiles, pythons, and several kinds of deer live in the Chitwan National Park, which is also one of the last refuges of the Royal Bengal tiger. Despite the efforts of Chitwan National Park, it has been unable to protect the rhinoceros population from poachers.
Towns and villages
Map of the VDC's in Chitwan District
Ayodhyapuri Bachhayauli Bagauda Bhandara Bharatpur Nagar Birendra Nagar Chainpur Chandi Bhanjyang Dahakhani Darechok Dibyanagar Fulbari Gardi Gitanagar Gunjanagar Jagatpur Jutpani Kabilas Kathar Kaule Khairhani Korak Kumroj Lothar Madi Kalyanpur Mangalpur Meghauli Narayanpur Padampur Pancha Kanya Parbatipur Patihani Piple ( see
Narayangarh, on the bank of Narayani River, is the main town with numerous shopping zones where people from all over the district and even from neighbouring district come to shop.
Now there are about 40 Village Development Committees (each of which has nine wards or villages) and one sub-Metropolitan city - Bharatpur and a municipality Ratnanagar each of which has more than nine wards or urban areas.
At the foot of the Himalayas, Chitwan is one of the few remaining undisturbed vestiges of the Terai region, which formerly extended over the foothills of Nepal.
Contents.
Origin
Currently there are three stories about the origin of the name Chitwan:
The dense jungle there (before men started settlements there) was teeming with Cheetahs. And, the word for 'jungle' in Nepali is van. So, the people around started to call that locality as Cheetah-van, which was later modified as Chitwan.
The dense jungle in the past was teeming with deer, and so they started to call it Chitri-van which gave way to the present word for the district.
Long ago, the region was reigned by a kings descended from Chitra Vamsa. (Vamsa is a Sanskrit word for dynasty or lineage).
Industry
Chitwan is very famous in Nepal because of its dominant production of mustard from which mustard oil is produced. This popularity of the mustard plantation in Chitwan is attributed to the predominant soil type of the place. The soil in chitwan is mostly of the type silt. The silty nature of the soil is in turn attributed to the flooding over the ages in the past from the rivers like Gandaki. Chitwan is also profusely spotted with lands with soil type clay which are very good for use as rice fields. Other popular cash-crops in the region are maize and wheat etc. The soil there is also very good for growing various types of vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, radish, potato, broccoli, cucumbers, pumpkins, carrot etc.
Chitwan product 80% of the country poultry industry, and it is also famous for floriculture, Mushrooms cultivation, Bea Forms and Honey production etc.
At present Chitwan's largest business part Narayangarh is less accessible due to the main bus terminal of the city was moved a few kilometres away from the town to the corner of the other part of Bharatpur city, due to previous king's son's anger with the politics of the citizens of the city.This bus terminal is however no longer in use following successful people's movement in 2006. It is believed that Nepali leftist revolutionary leader Prachanda spent his childhood and youth in Chitwan. Chitwan is adapting South Korean model of development system called " Saemaul Undong or New Village movement " in Nepali context Nepal Saemaul Undong or Namuna Bikas Aviyan or Model Development Campaign at Piple Village of East Chitwan since 2003 February 22. ( Listen or read the text
Geography
It has a particularly rich flora and fauna.
One of the last populations of single-horned Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), Panthers /Leopards, crocodiles, pythons, and several kinds of deer live in the Chitwan National Park, which is also one of the last refuges of the Royal Bengal tiger. Despite the efforts of Chitwan National Park, it has been unable to protect the rhinoceros population from poachers.
Towns and villages
Map of the VDC's in Chitwan District
Ayodhyapuri Bachhayauli Bagauda Bhandara Bharatpur Nagar Birendra Nagar Chainpur Chandi Bhanjyang Dahakhani Darechok Dibyanagar Fulbari Gardi Gitanagar Gunjanagar Jagatpur Jutpani Kabilas Kathar Kaule Khairhani Korak Kumroj Lothar Madi Kalyanpur Mangalpur Meghauli Narayanpur Padampur Pancha Kanya Parbatipur Patihani Piple ( see
Tuesday, December 2, 2008
Politics of Nepal
The politics of Nepal function within a framework of a republic with a multi-party system.
Currently, the positions of President (head of state) and Prime Minister (head of government) are occupied by Ram Baran Yadav and Prachand, respectively. Executive power is exercised by the President, Prime Minister, and his cabinet, while legislative power is vested in the Constituent Assembly.
Until May 28, 2008, Nepal was a constitutional monarchy. On that date, the constitution was altered by the Constituent Assembly to make the country a republic.[1]
Contents.
Political conditions
1990–1996: Parliamentary monarchy
Until 1990, Nepal was an absolute monarchy running under the executive control of the king. Faced with a people's movement against the absolute monarchy, King Bir, in 1990, agreed to large-scale political reforms by creating a parliamentary monarchy with the king as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of the governme.
Nepal's legislature was bicameral consisting of a House of Representative and a National Council. The House of Representatives consisted of 205 members directly elected by the people. The National Council had 60 members, 10 nominated by the king, 35 elected by the House of Representatives and the remaining 15 elected by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and towns. The legislature had a five-year term, but was dissolved by the king before its term could end. All Nepalese citizens 18 years and older became eligible to vote.
The executive comprised the King and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet). The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election was appointed as the Prime Minister. The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
Governments in Nepal have tended to be highly unstable; no government has survived for more than two years since 1991, either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch.
In the first free and fair elections in Nepal in 1991, the Nepali Congress was victorious.
The 1994 election defeat of the Nepali Congress Part by the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) (CPN(UML)) made Nepal the first communist-led monarchy in Asia, with Man Mohan Adhikary prime minister. In mid-1994, parliament was dissolved due to dissension within the Nepali Congress Party. The subsequent general election, held 15 November 1994, gave no party a majority and led to several years of unstable coalition governments. As of the May 1999 general election, the Nepali Congress Party once again headed a majority government. There have been three Nepali Congress Party Prime Ministers since the 1999 elections: K.P. Bhattarai (31 May 1999–17 Marc 2000); Girija Prasad Koira (20 March 200–19 July 2001); and Sher Bahadur Deuba (23 J 2001–2003). The final distribution of seats in Parliament gave the Nepali Congress 113; the CPN(UML) 69; the RPP 11; the RJM 5; the NSP 5; the Workers and Peasants Party 1; and the United People's Front 1. Nepali Congress Party has divided to Nepali Congress Party led by G. P. Koirala and Nepali Congress (Democratic) led by Sher Bahadur Deuba. Amongst the elected MPs, 39 MPs belong to Nepali Congress (Democratic). Former Prime Minister and Influential Leader Krishna Prasad Bhattarai has expressed his support for Nepali Congress (Democratic). Both Congress parties regard Krishna Prasad Bhattarai as their main leader.
King Gyanendra discharged Sher Bahadur Deuba and on 4 June 2003 appointed Surya Bahadur Thapa as Prime Minister.
1996: Maoist insurgency
In February 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) began a violent insurgency in more than 50 of the country's 75 districts. About 11,000 police, civilians, and insurgents have been killed in the conflict since 1996. In July 2001 Prime Minister Deuba announced a cease-fire, which the Maoists pledged to observe, as part of a government effort to seek a negotiated solution to the conflict. Although Maoist-instigated intimidation and extortion continue, the killings have largely subsided since the cease-fire was announced. The government and Maoists held talks in August and September 2001.
Political parties agreed in 1991 that the monarchy would remain to enhance political stability and provide an important symbol of national identity for the culturally diverse Nepali people. The King exercises limited powers, including the right to declare a state of emergency in the event of war or armed revolt, with the advice and consent of the Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister. According to the constitution, the King's declaration of a state of emergency must be approved by a two-thirds majority of the lower house of the Parliament.
2001: Royal massacre
Main article: Nepalese royal massacre
On June 1, 2001, Crown Prince Dipendra was officially reported to have shot and killed his father, King Birendra; his mother, Queen Aishwarya; his brother; his sister, his father's younger brother, Prince Dhirendra; and several aunts, before turning the gun on himself. Although he never regained consciousness before dying, Crown Prince Diprendra was nonetheless the king under the law of Nepalese royal succession. After his death two days later, the late King's surviving brother Gyanendra was proclaimed king.
2005–2007: Suspension of parliament and Loktantra Andolan
Main article: Loktantra Andolan
On 1 February 2005 King Gyanendra suspended the Parliament, appointed a government led by himself, and enforced martial law. The King argued that civil politicians were unfit to handle the Maoist insurgency. Telephone lines were cut and several high-profile political leaders were detained. Other opposition leaders fled to India and regrouped there. A broad coalition called the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) was formed in opposition to the royal takeover, encompassing the seven parliamentary parties who held about 90% of the seats in the old, dissolved parliament.
The UN-OHC, in response to events in Nepal, set up a monitoring program in 2005 to assess and observe the human rights situation there[2]
On 22 November 2005, the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) of parliamentary parties and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) agreed on a historic and unprecedented 12-point memorandum of understanding (MOU) for peace and democracy. Nepalese from various walks of life and the international community regarded the MOU as an appropriate political response to the crisis that was developing in Nepal. Against the backdrop of the historical sufferings of the Nepalese people and the enormous human cost of the last ten years of violent conflict, the MOU, which proposes a peaceful transition through an elected constituent assembly, created an acceptable formula for a united movement for democracy. As per the 12-point MOU, the SPA called for a protest movement, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) supported it. This led to a countrywide uprising that started in April 2006. All political forces including civil society and professional organizations actively galvanized the people. This resulted in massive and spontaneous demonstrations and rallies held across Nepal against King Gyanendra's autocratic rule.
The people's participation was so broad, momentous and pervasive that the king feared being overthrown. On 21 April 2006, King Gyanendra declared that "power would be returned to the people". This had little effect on the people, who continued to occupy the streets of Kathmandu and other towns, openly defying the daytime curfew. Finally King Gyanendra announced the reinstatement the House of Representatives, thereby conceding one of the major demands of the SPA, at midnight on 24 April 2006. Following this action the coalition of political forces decided to call off the protests.
Twenty-one people died and thousands were injured during the 19 days of protestsOn 19 May 2006, the parliament assumed total legislative power and gave executive power to the Government of Nepal (previously known as His Majesty's Government). Names of many institutions (including the army) were stripped of the "royal" adjective and the Raj Parishad (a council of the King's advisers) was abolished, with his duties assigned to the Parliament itself. The activities of the King became subject to parliamentary scrutiny and the King's properties were subjected to taxation. Moreover, Nepal was declared a secular state abrogating the previous status of a Hindu Kingdom. However, most of the changes have, as yet, not been implemented. On 19 July 2006, the prime minister, G. P. Koirala, sent a letter to the United Nations announcing the intention of the Nepalese government to hold elections to a constituent assembly by April 2007.
December 2007 to May 2008: Abolition of the monarchy
On 23 December 2007, an agreement was made for the monarchy to be abolished and the country to become a federal republic with the Prime Minister becoming head of state.[3] Defying political pundits, who had predicted it to be trounced in the April 2008 elections, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) became the largest party amidst a general atmosphere of fear and intimidation from all sides.[4] A federal republic was established in May 2008, with only four members of the 601-seat Constituent Assembly voting against the change,[5] which ended 240 years of royal rule in Nepal. The government announced a public holiday for three days, (May 28—May 30), to celebrate the country becoming a federal republic.
Legislative branch
Pre-2006
From 1991 to 2002 the Parliament (Sansad) had two chambers. The House of Representatives (Pratinidhi Sabha) had 205 members elected for five year term in single-seat constituencies. The National Council (Rashtriya Sabha) had 60 members, 35 members elected by the Pratinidhi Sabha, 15 representatives of Regional Development Areas and 10 members appointed by the king. Parliament was subsequently dissolved by the king in 2002 on the pretext that it was incapable of handling the Maoists rebels.
From Loktantra Andolan to the Constituent Assembly
After the victory of Loktantra Andolan in the spring of 2006, a unicameral interim legislature replaced the previous parliament. The new body consists both of members of the old parliament as well as nominated members. As of December 2007, the legislature had the following composition.[6]
Party Seats
Nepali Congress - 133
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) -84
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) -83
Rashtriya Prajatantra Party 9
Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandi Devi) 5
Janamorcha Nepal 4
Nepal Workers Peasants Party 4
Rashtriya Jana Morcha 3
United Left Front 2
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified) 2
Rashtriya Janashakti Party 1
The first democratic elections: the Constituent Assembly
In May 2008 the first democratic elections made the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) the largest party in the the Constituent Assembly, which will have a term of two years.
Party Seats
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) 220
Nepali Congress 110
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) 103
Madeshi Jana Adhikar Forum Nepal 52
Tarai-Madhesh Loktantrik Party 20
Sadbhavana Party 9
Rashtriya Prajatantra Party 8
Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) 8
Janamorcha Nepal 7
Communist Party of Nepal (United) 5
Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal 4
Rastriya Janamorcha 4
Nepal Workers Peasants Party 4
Rastriya Janshakti Party 3
Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya Manch 2
Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandidevi) 2
Rastriya Janamukti Party 2
Nepali Janata Dal 2
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified) 2
Dalit Janajati Party 1
Nepa Rastriya Party 1
Samajbadi Prajatantrik Janata Party, Nepal 1
Chure Bhawar Rastriya Ekta Party, Nepal 1
Nepal Loktantrik Samajbadi Dal 1
Nepal Parivar Dal 1
Independents 2
Not yet determined 26
Political parties
Main article: List of political parties in Nepal
Since the late 1940s, Nepalese politics has been a contest for power between three separate political streams; Congress, communists and royalists. Since the advent of legal party politics after the 1990 Jana Andolan, all three streams have gone through various processes of divisions and mergers.
Congress: The Nepali Congress is a moderate socialist party, built up around the Koirala family. Has historically advocated constitutional monarchy for Nepal, but has recently accepted the idea of transforming Nepal into a republic. Between 2002 and 2007, Sher Bahadur Deuba led an important splinter-group, Nepali Congress (Democratic). On September 25, 2007 NC(D) and NC re-unified.
Communists: The Communist Party of Nepal was established in 1949. The party was splintered into a plethora of different factions during the 1960s and 1970s. In the early 1990s, two important unification processes took place, with the moderate sectors of the communist movement forming the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) whereas more radical sectors formed the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre). CPN(UML) became a major parliamentary force. CPN(UC) was divided in 1994, with one faction forming a group that would become the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Today, in between CPN(UML) and CPN(Maoist) are various smaller communist groups, out of whom five have parliamentary representation.
Royalists: When multi-party politics began, elements of the previous regime formed the Rashtriya Prajatantra Party. The RPP became the third force in parliamentary politics during the 1990s, and an important partner in various governing coalitions, it was ridden by divisions. Presently the main RPP and one splinter-group, Rashtriya Janashakti Party are represented in the parliament.
Judicial branch
The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat), appellate courts, and various district courts. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges were appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.
Nepal's judiciary is legally separate from the executive and legislative branches and has increasingly shown the will to be independent of political influence. The judiciary has the right of judicial review under the constitution. The king appointed the chief justice and all other judges to the supreme, appellate, and district courts upon the recommendation of the Judicial Council. All lower court decisions, including acquittals, are subject to appeal. The Supreme Court is the court of last appeal. The king could grant pardons and suspend, commute, or remit any sentence by any court.
International organization participation
AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpl, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, SAAC, U, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNTAET, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)
Further reading
Jonathan Gregson. 2002. Massacre at the Palace: The Doomed Royal Dynasty of Nepal. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6878-3. (Note that Gregson finds the official story of the royal killings plausible while many in Nepal do not.)
Currently, the positions of President (head of state) and Prime Minister (head of government) are occupied by Ram Baran Yadav and Prachand, respectively. Executive power is exercised by the President, Prime Minister, and his cabinet, while legislative power is vested in the Constituent Assembly.
Until May 28, 2008, Nepal was a constitutional monarchy. On that date, the constitution was altered by the Constituent Assembly to make the country a republic.[1]
Contents.
Political conditions
1990–1996: Parliamentary monarchy
Until 1990, Nepal was an absolute monarchy running under the executive control of the king. Faced with a people's movement against the absolute monarchy, King Bir, in 1990, agreed to large-scale political reforms by creating a parliamentary monarchy with the king as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of the governme.
Nepal's legislature was bicameral consisting of a House of Representative and a National Council. The House of Representatives consisted of 205 members directly elected by the people. The National Council had 60 members, 10 nominated by the king, 35 elected by the House of Representatives and the remaining 15 elected by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and towns. The legislature had a five-year term, but was dissolved by the king before its term could end. All Nepalese citizens 18 years and older became eligible to vote.
The executive comprised the King and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet). The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election was appointed as the Prime Minister. The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
Governments in Nepal have tended to be highly unstable; no government has survived for more than two years since 1991, either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch.
In the first free and fair elections in Nepal in 1991, the Nepali Congress was victorious.
The 1994 election defeat of the Nepali Congress Part by the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) (CPN(UML)) made Nepal the first communist-led monarchy in Asia, with Man Mohan Adhikary prime minister. In mid-1994, parliament was dissolved due to dissension within the Nepali Congress Party. The subsequent general election, held 15 November 1994, gave no party a majority and led to several years of unstable coalition governments. As of the May 1999 general election, the Nepali Congress Party once again headed a majority government. There have been three Nepali Congress Party Prime Ministers since the 1999 elections: K.P. Bhattarai (31 May 1999–17 Marc 2000); Girija Prasad Koira (20 March 200–19 July 2001); and Sher Bahadur Deuba (23 J 2001–2003). The final distribution of seats in Parliament gave the Nepali Congress 113; the CPN(UML) 69; the RPP 11; the RJM 5; the NSP 5; the Workers and Peasants Party 1; and the United People's Front 1. Nepali Congress Party has divided to Nepali Congress Party led by G. P. Koirala and Nepali Congress (Democratic) led by Sher Bahadur Deuba. Amongst the elected MPs, 39 MPs belong to Nepali Congress (Democratic). Former Prime Minister and Influential Leader Krishna Prasad Bhattarai has expressed his support for Nepali Congress (Democratic). Both Congress parties regard Krishna Prasad Bhattarai as their main leader.
King Gyanendra discharged Sher Bahadur Deuba and on 4 June 2003 appointed Surya Bahadur Thapa as Prime Minister.
1996: Maoist insurgency
In February 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) began a violent insurgency in more than 50 of the country's 75 districts. About 11,000 police, civilians, and insurgents have been killed in the conflict since 1996. In July 2001 Prime Minister Deuba announced a cease-fire, which the Maoists pledged to observe, as part of a government effort to seek a negotiated solution to the conflict. Although Maoist-instigated intimidation and extortion continue, the killings have largely subsided since the cease-fire was announced. The government and Maoists held talks in August and September 2001.
Political parties agreed in 1991 that the monarchy would remain to enhance political stability and provide an important symbol of national identity for the culturally diverse Nepali people. The King exercises limited powers, including the right to declare a state of emergency in the event of war or armed revolt, with the advice and consent of the Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister. According to the constitution, the King's declaration of a state of emergency must be approved by a two-thirds majority of the lower house of the Parliament.
2001: Royal massacre
Main article: Nepalese royal massacre
On June 1, 2001, Crown Prince Dipendra was officially reported to have shot and killed his father, King Birendra; his mother, Queen Aishwarya; his brother; his sister, his father's younger brother, Prince Dhirendra; and several aunts, before turning the gun on himself. Although he never regained consciousness before dying, Crown Prince Diprendra was nonetheless the king under the law of Nepalese royal succession. After his death two days later, the late King's surviving brother Gyanendra was proclaimed king.
2005–2007: Suspension of parliament and Loktantra Andolan
Main article: Loktantra Andolan
On 1 February 2005 King Gyanendra suspended the Parliament, appointed a government led by himself, and enforced martial law. The King argued that civil politicians were unfit to handle the Maoist insurgency. Telephone lines were cut and several high-profile political leaders were detained. Other opposition leaders fled to India and regrouped there. A broad coalition called the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) was formed in opposition to the royal takeover, encompassing the seven parliamentary parties who held about 90% of the seats in the old, dissolved parliament.
The UN-OHC, in response to events in Nepal, set up a monitoring program in 2005 to assess and observe the human rights situation there[2]
On 22 November 2005, the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) of parliamentary parties and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) agreed on a historic and unprecedented 12-point memorandum of understanding (MOU) for peace and democracy. Nepalese from various walks of life and the international community regarded the MOU as an appropriate political response to the crisis that was developing in Nepal. Against the backdrop of the historical sufferings of the Nepalese people and the enormous human cost of the last ten years of violent conflict, the MOU, which proposes a peaceful transition through an elected constituent assembly, created an acceptable formula for a united movement for democracy. As per the 12-point MOU, the SPA called for a protest movement, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) supported it. This led to a countrywide uprising that started in April 2006. All political forces including civil society and professional organizations actively galvanized the people. This resulted in massive and spontaneous demonstrations and rallies held across Nepal against King Gyanendra's autocratic rule.
The people's participation was so broad, momentous and pervasive that the king feared being overthrown. On 21 April 2006, King Gyanendra declared that "power would be returned to the people". This had little effect on the people, who continued to occupy the streets of Kathmandu and other towns, openly defying the daytime curfew. Finally King Gyanendra announced the reinstatement the House of Representatives, thereby conceding one of the major demands of the SPA, at midnight on 24 April 2006. Following this action the coalition of political forces decided to call off the protests.
Twenty-one people died and thousands were injured during the 19 days of protestsOn 19 May 2006, the parliament assumed total legislative power and gave executive power to the Government of Nepal (previously known as His Majesty's Government). Names of many institutions (including the army) were stripped of the "royal" adjective and the Raj Parishad (a council of the King's advisers) was abolished, with his duties assigned to the Parliament itself. The activities of the King became subject to parliamentary scrutiny and the King's properties were subjected to taxation. Moreover, Nepal was declared a secular state abrogating the previous status of a Hindu Kingdom. However, most of the changes have, as yet, not been implemented. On 19 July 2006, the prime minister, G. P. Koirala, sent a letter to the United Nations announcing the intention of the Nepalese government to hold elections to a constituent assembly by April 2007.
December 2007 to May 2008: Abolition of the monarchy
On 23 December 2007, an agreement was made for the monarchy to be abolished and the country to become a federal republic with the Prime Minister becoming head of state.[3] Defying political pundits, who had predicted it to be trounced in the April 2008 elections, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) became the largest party amidst a general atmosphere of fear and intimidation from all sides.[4] A federal republic was established in May 2008, with only four members of the 601-seat Constituent Assembly voting against the change,[5] which ended 240 years of royal rule in Nepal. The government announced a public holiday for three days, (May 28—May 30), to celebrate the country becoming a federal republic.
Legislative branch
Pre-2006
From 1991 to 2002 the Parliament (Sansad) had two chambers. The House of Representatives (Pratinidhi Sabha) had 205 members elected for five year term in single-seat constituencies. The National Council (Rashtriya Sabha) had 60 members, 35 members elected by the Pratinidhi Sabha, 15 representatives of Regional Development Areas and 10 members appointed by the king. Parliament was subsequently dissolved by the king in 2002 on the pretext that it was incapable of handling the Maoists rebels.
From Loktantra Andolan to the Constituent Assembly
After the victory of Loktantra Andolan in the spring of 2006, a unicameral interim legislature replaced the previous parliament. The new body consists both of members of the old parliament as well as nominated members. As of December 2007, the legislature had the following composition.[6]
Party Seats
Nepali Congress - 133
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) -84
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) -83
Rashtriya Prajatantra Party 9
Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandi Devi) 5
Janamorcha Nepal 4
Nepal Workers Peasants Party 4
Rashtriya Jana Morcha 3
United Left Front 2
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified) 2
Rashtriya Janashakti Party 1
The first democratic elections: the Constituent Assembly
In May 2008 the first democratic elections made the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) the largest party in the the Constituent Assembly, which will have a term of two years.
Party Seats
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) 220
Nepali Congress 110
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) 103
Madeshi Jana Adhikar Forum Nepal 52
Tarai-Madhesh Loktantrik Party 20
Sadbhavana Party 9
Rashtriya Prajatantra Party 8
Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) 8
Janamorcha Nepal 7
Communist Party of Nepal (United) 5
Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal 4
Rastriya Janamorcha 4
Nepal Workers Peasants Party 4
Rastriya Janshakti Party 3
Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya Manch 2
Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandidevi) 2
Rastriya Janamukti Party 2
Nepali Janata Dal 2
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified) 2
Dalit Janajati Party 1
Nepa Rastriya Party 1
Samajbadi Prajatantrik Janata Party, Nepal 1
Chure Bhawar Rastriya Ekta Party, Nepal 1
Nepal Loktantrik Samajbadi Dal 1
Nepal Parivar Dal 1
Independents 2
Not yet determined 26
Political parties
Main article: List of political parties in Nepal
Since the late 1940s, Nepalese politics has been a contest for power between three separate political streams; Congress, communists and royalists. Since the advent of legal party politics after the 1990 Jana Andolan, all three streams have gone through various processes of divisions and mergers.
Congress: The Nepali Congress is a moderate socialist party, built up around the Koirala family. Has historically advocated constitutional monarchy for Nepal, but has recently accepted the idea of transforming Nepal into a republic. Between 2002 and 2007, Sher Bahadur Deuba led an important splinter-group, Nepali Congress (Democratic). On September 25, 2007 NC(D) and NC re-unified.
Communists: The Communist Party of Nepal was established in 1949. The party was splintered into a plethora of different factions during the 1960s and 1970s. In the early 1990s, two important unification processes took place, with the moderate sectors of the communist movement forming the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) whereas more radical sectors formed the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre). CPN(UML) became a major parliamentary force. CPN(UC) was divided in 1994, with one faction forming a group that would become the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Today, in between CPN(UML) and CPN(Maoist) are various smaller communist groups, out of whom five have parliamentary representation.
Royalists: When multi-party politics began, elements of the previous regime formed the Rashtriya Prajatantra Party. The RPP became the third force in parliamentary politics during the 1990s, and an important partner in various governing coalitions, it was ridden by divisions. Presently the main RPP and one splinter-group, Rashtriya Janashakti Party are represented in the parliament.
Judicial branch
The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat), appellate courts, and various district courts. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges were appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.
Nepal's judiciary is legally separate from the executive and legislative branches and has increasingly shown the will to be independent of political influence. The judiciary has the right of judicial review under the constitution. The king appointed the chief justice and all other judges to the supreme, appellate, and district courts upon the recommendation of the Judicial Council. All lower court decisions, including acquittals, are subject to appeal. The Supreme Court is the court of last appeal. The king could grant pardons and suspend, commute, or remit any sentence by any court.
International organization participation
AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpl, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, SAAC, U, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNTAET, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)
Further reading
Jonathan Gregson. 2002. Massacre at the Palace: The Doomed Royal Dynasty of Nepal. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6878-3. (Note that Gregson finds the official story of the royal killings plausible while many in Nepal do not.)
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